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Proszynski's Salticidae (Araneae)
Genera of the World

vol. I - diversity of genera

 Chapter 16

SITTICINES
informal group of genera

Correlated chapters
Compare related species diversity in vol. II at Sitticines
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symbol of the supragroup HYLLOIDA

Nomenclature in this chapter follows Prószyński, J. (2017b). Pragmatic classification of the world's Salticidae (Araneae). Ecologica Montenegrina 12: 1-133. With subsequent amendments.

Contents of this page and facility for searching
Attinella Attulus Attinella Jollas SITTICUS s. s. SITTIFLOR SITTILONG SITTIPUB SITTISAX Tomis.

Type species of the three disputed genera of the Palaearctic SITTICINES

Plate 366. A-B, E - SITTIFLOR floricola, C-D - SITTIFLOR zimmermanni, F-G - SITTIFLOR rupicola, H-M - Sitticus terebratus (J - female ducts simplified - there is more coils), N-Q - Attulus distinguendus - type species of the genus Attulus (its synonym are Attulus cinereus = A. helveolus) - type specimen: spermatheca and duct.
SOURCE: All drawings by Prószyński (see particulars below), all photos © J. Lissner. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used here by their courtesy.


SITTICINES
informal group of genera
Nomenclature version following Prószynski 2017
Differences clarifiable at species level in World Spider Catalog

Modern idea of SITTICINES was developed during 1960ties (and published in installments from 1968 to 1987) by Prószyński accepting all relevant species as a single genus Sitticus, defined by presence of unique cheliceral comb-like tooth (Plate H above), generalized appearance of palp and internal structure of epigyne, additional helpful character was general appearance of live specimens, sufficient for recognition in the field by European collectors. The phylogenic grouping within genus were pronounced by subdivision into group of species (terebratus, floricola, distinguendus, saxicola, penicillatus and absolutus groups). After five decades of following that, a systemic improvement appeared desirable: groups of species within genera are not displayed by the World Spider Catalog, which lists species alphabetically, so readers using WSC are left unaware of phylogenic differences. Discovery by Maddison that Sitticus is Palaearctic (mainly!) representative of South American AMYCINES reduced usefulness of cheliceral dentition (characteristic also for S American relatives) and increased diagnostic importance of genitalic characters. Self-correction of system of SITTICINES was undertaken by Prószyński in Salticidae Database 1995-2016 and formally presented in 2017. The comprehensive genus Sitticus, subdivided since 1968 into "species groups" (which, together with "subgenera" are not recognized in modern Catalogs) was divided into smaller, uniform genera. A novelty in that act was editing their names in a way demonstrating their relationship (and origin from a single genus) by usage of "acronymic" genus names (joining indicative core "Sitti"- with second part indicating representative species). That was met with emotional resistance of several arachnologists (like so many other novelties by Prószyński), well exemplified by publication of Kropf et all. 2019 (see full original text and ensuing publications at Kropf et all. 2019. A particularly harmful interventions were return back to forgotten name combinations by Kropf's coauthors - Blick & Marusik (2018, 2019 - Arachnologische Mitteilungen 57: 89-91 and Arthropoda Selecta 27(3): 237-238 respectively).

A competitive version of systematics of Sitticus s. l. was proposed by Maddison (2020) (see facsimile below), which seems (at least to J. Prószyński) the worse of all. Lumping a number of clearly different genera (see Plate XXX A-U, above) into huge super genus Attulus it hides morphological, ecological and behavioral differences, expressed by the earlier Sitticus "groups of species" into invisible for the Catalog users system of subgenera. That is casting away all clearing advantages of introduced several "acronymic" genera by Prószyński in 2017. Incompetence of emotional attitude, entertained by Maddison since decades, is perfectly visible in lumping under the same heading such different forms as SITTICUS terebratus, SITTIFFLOR floricola and Attulus distinguendus. Classic definition of a genus taxon states that it is - "a group of species sharing similar characters (or genomes if somebody is able to document it), separated from other such groups by a gap of characters" and concerns all kinds of differences. One must be blinded by emotions to not see such striking differences among the genera mentioned above. The taxonomic division should fulfill practical requirements - differentiation it express should be easily visible in the field, as being on variety of parallel differences. Maddison (many papers since 2003) developed a comprehensive system of Salticidae based on molecular arguments, whose application to taxonomic practice is obscure. I propose usage of the Occam's razor principle for this case. And one more formal demand - in biological science dictate of "name priority" principle should be abolished, or at least significantly limited, as largely responsible for present chaos in nomenclature. We deal with living organisms and their natural groupings, not on letters combinations constituting names.

Plate 367. Type species of genera recognized by Maddison in Maddison et al., 2020. SOURCE: Maddison, W. P., Maddison, D. R., Derkarabetian, S. & Hedin, M. (2020). Sitticine jumping spiders: phylogeny, classification, and chromosomes (Araneae, Salticidae, Sitticini). ZooKeys 925: 1-54.
One minor detail in Maddison's et all (2020) deserves attention - his literature quotation (see facsimile below, highlighted) - Maddison polemizes with Prószyński 2017 paper, so quotation of his paper is natural, but Kropf's? Kropf does not mention genera Attulus, or Sitticus, so how it is related to the disputed problem?
Plate 368. Deciphering hidden emotions of Maddison. Source: Maddison et al., 2020: 2.
Oh, its related very much, see included therein statement that: [papers of Prószyński] “…should be ignored by the community” because “…brings nothing but chaos in salticid systematicsand “…this is nothing but scientific malpractice"... -------- see - Kropf & al., `2019. Maddison is a nice guy, with highly civilized manners, aspiring to become an icon of Salticidae taxonomists. Too intelligent to soil hands by stating bluntly what he really thinks, or to risk comments like: "unnecessary and wrong' "defamatory", "bad manners". Accusation of a colleague always can hit back the accuser. But it is so pleasant to join crowd throwing mud on a lone victim! Better to cipher defamation as a reference, understandable to a few concerned and looking innocent for uninitiated.

Gen. Attinella Banks, 1905
Type species Attus concolor Banks, 1895c: 206 (3 species)
Check species diversity in vol. II at Attinella
Compare genera in vol. I at -------SITTICINES
Check species diversity in vol. II at -------SITTICINES
ATTENTION. Diversity among unidentified specimens suggest existence of more species, pending research.

sittiab_abs
Ironically enough the only diagnostic drawings of professional quality were, and remain to our days, the figs. A-B and G-L, reproduced above above, and illustrating type specimens of competing synonyms (under "adjusted names") borrowed by Prószynski for study to Poland, and published by him in 1973a for the first time (together with three undescribed species shown as figs. N-S). The next diagnostic documentation are "artist's visions" (see sample above - figs F and N, here inverted) published by Maddison et al. in 2020.

Below - facsimile of original description of the genus Attinella Banks, 1905a: 322.
Plate 369. A-C - Attinella dorsata (syn. Sittiab absolutus) - palp, epigyne and spermathecae, D - same, epigyne by Gertsch and Mulaik and its copy by Edwards - palp. epigyne and one line morphological description (E)F - the same species captioned as Attinella dorsata by Maddison, G-M - Attinella concolor (Banks,1895) (syn. Sittiab cursor); N-S - Three Attinella sp. (syn. Sittiab sp.) - diversity of epigyne and their internal structure [note that external appearance gives unreliable information on internal structure] of undescribed species from various location in USA, T-V - Attinella juniperi.
SOURCE: A-C, G-M - Prószyński (1973a) Annales Zoologici, 30: : 79, f. 17-44; 86-89, f 20-21, 45-49, D - Gertsch, W. J. & Mulaik, S. (1936a) American Museum Novitates 851: 20, 19-20, E- Edwards in: Brenne et al. (1993) 67, f. 47Plate 37X. F, M - precise drawings by -Maddison,et al. (2020). ZooKeys 925: 28, f 91, 96, T-V - Gertsch, Riechert 1976. Am. Mus. Novit. 2604: 21, f 37-41. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used here by their courtesy.

COMMENT - A nomenclatorical "casus Maddison", illustrates nonsense of literal interpretation of rigid rules of the ICZN: I have revised type species of the whole genus Sitticus (and related genera) in 1960ties, including type specimens of North American species lent me by mail by W. J. Gertsch and H. W. Levi, among these were type specimens of S. absolutus and S. cursor (published Prószyński, (1973a). Annales Zoologici, 30: 71-95, but not Attinella dorsata whose identified specimen could not be found at that time. I made personally inventory of types and other identied material of Salticidae in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard Universit during several weeks of research visit in 1986 and in 1990, I read labels of every vial, but found no Attinella. Name Attinella dorsata were listed in two notes in Peckhamia (Edwards: 1980: 12) without reference to any specimen studied, until Maddison 1996: 270: 30 has reported finding unidentified specimen in the vial with types of Pelegrina proterva he has himself identified as Sitticus dorsatus and declared to be the lost type of Attinella dorsata. There followed vivid discussion whether unidentified, not labeled specimen could be considered the type, but in 2020: 30, f. 97 Maddison provided photograph of a new male specimen, while Banks described only single female of Attus dorsatus Banks, 1895e: 97 (Df) and not from Los Angeles but from "Southern California". the description of a new genus Attinella (see facsimile above) was much less eloquent that discussions by Maddison, Banks nowhere mentions red abdomen - which would be more convincing. There is no documentation that this specimen is true type, but Maddison interpreted as such distributional area mentioned in the Banks description, having forgotten that instead of controversial waterfall of words he could simply designating "neotype" of the Banks species. I am so disgusted with that nomenclatorical war, that let American colleagues have their genus/species name there arebigger problems in taxonomy of Salticidae..


Gen. Attulus Simon, 1889, sensu Prószynski, 2017
Type species Attus distinguedus Simon, 1868 ( ? species)
Check species diversity in vol. II at Attulus
 
Plate 370. A-D, J-M - Attulus distinguendus - type species of the genus Attulus (its synonym are Attulus cinereus = A. helveolus) - type specimen: spermatheca and duct, E-F - Attulus ammophilus: spermatheca and ducts, G - Attulus vilis - syntype specimen from Armenia Goktscha [Sevan] Lake, by Prószynski, D - Attulus saltator. B - Attulus distinguendus, H-I, N-O - Attulus saltator.
SOURCE: Prószyński, 1987: 82-98 (drawings not numbered). Photos by © J. Lissner. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used here by their courtesy.

COMMENT (May, 2020): Looking once more at drawings of various species of Attulus published in Prószyński 1987: 82-98, some of them made as early as in 1962, I think some of them need revision of old specimens, and confirmation on new fresh material) to check correctness of interpretations and synonymy. NB. Epigyne mounted in Canada Balsam slides may be invisible now - they need refreshment by slow dissolving petrified Balsam in Toluol or Xylol, transfer to ethyl alcohol, re-staining in Chlorazol Black E. After making new documentation they should be stored in a microvial, together with the specimens they were separated from.


Gen. Jollas Simon, 1901
Type species Jollas geniculatus (15 species)
Check species diversity in vol. II at Jollas
ATTENTION. I place the species below in Jollas following Maddison et al. (2020), together with Jollas leucoproctus (syn. Sitticus leucoproctus).

Plate 371. A-D - Jollas geniculatus, E - Jollas sp. SOURCE. A-C - Proszynski J. 1987. Atlas ...: fig. 58-59 ( "21085 Jollas geniculatus" "obscurus" - Mus. Paris), D - Galiano 1991b. Physis C. 47 (112): 18, 19, ff. 1, 5, 14-18, 25, 35, 38, 40-41, .E - Maddison 2015. Journal of Arachnology. 43: 231–292, f. 33. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used here by their courtesy.
Plate 372. A-B - Jollas cellulanus, C-D - Jollas flabellatus, E-X - Jollas leucoproctus. See more species in vol. 2 at Sitticus (leucoproctus-group)-Q+M.
SOURCE: Galiano M.E. 1989. Rev. Soc. ent. Argentina, 45 (1-4): 262, f. 3-5, 10-11, 16-17, 20, 23-26; 261, f. 6-7, 15, 18, 21.. 259, f 8-9, 12-14. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used here by their courtesy.

Gen. SITTICUS Simon, 1901, sensu stricto [sensu Prószyński, 2016]
Type species Araneus terebratus (3 species)
Check species diversity in vol. II at Sitticus
Plate 373a. A-F - Sitticus terebratus (female ducts simplified - there is more coils) .
SOURCE: . A-C, G-I - Proszynski J. 1968c. Ann. zool. 26: 399-402, f 1-3, 9-16. Bohdanowicz & Prószyński, 1987: 129, f. 258-260, D-F - ©Photo J. Lissner. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used here by their courtesy.

G-I - Sitticus fasciger: 9-10--13-14 - Simon's syntypes from China [drawn in 1961], 11-12--15-16 Cutler's syntypes from the USA - a gift from Mr Cutler, drawn in 1967] . SOURCE: . A-C, G-I - Proszynski J. 1968c. Ann. zool. 26: 399-402, f 11-16 (facsimiles from 1968 publication) Bohdanowicz & Prószyński, 1987: 129, f. 258-260, D-F - ©Photo J. Lissner.All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used here by their courtesy. Read also . magistra (2019)

Gen. SITTIFLOR Prószynski, 2017a
Type species Euophrys floricola C. L. Koch, 1837 (14 species)
Check species diversity in vol. II at SITTIFLOR
COMMENT. The acronymic name "SITTIFLOR" was introduced as a part of splitting the previous genus Sitticus s. l., for stressing obvious phylogenetical relationships of all new genera by retaining mutual first syllable "Sitti-" in their names, so they could be kept close in all written records. This simple invention was jeopardized by finding older subgenus(!) name, never used after first delimitation 75 years ago - whose replacement is supposed to be mandated by nomenclatorical rules, although could be waived by applying to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, or, assuming good will, by substitution of related species as the type species (actually proposed here). But a goodwill? Simultaneously and in collusion with publication of the memorable paper by Kropf et al.(2019) appealing to the scientific community to "ignore names" by Prószyński, "which bring nothing but chaos in salticid systematic"? In those circumstance I have nothing to lose and can therefore keep any name I fancy. (-) J. Prószyński.
Plate 374. A-B, E - SITTIFLOR floricola, C-D - SITTIFLOR zimmermanni, F-G - SITTIFLOR rupicola, H-I - SITTIFLOR magnus, J-K - SITTIFLOR cutleri, L - SITTIFLOR [? = Attulus?] penicillatus. SOURCE: A-D, E, H-K - Proszynski J. 1980 Annales zoologici, 36: 1-35, L - Bohdanowicz & Prószyński, 1987:Annales Zoologici, Warszawa 41: 130, f. 261-267, E-G - ©Photo J. Lissner. Prószyński, J. (2017a). Revision of the genus Sitticus Simon, 1901 s. l. (Araneae: Salticidae). Ecologica Montenegrina 10: 35-50. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used here by their courtesy.

Gen. SITTILONG Prószyński, 2017
T
ype species Attus longipes (Canestrini, 1873). (1 species)
Check species diversity in vol. II at SITTILONG
COMMENT; Black body color presumbly due to high mountain melanism! (suggestion of E. M. Andreeva, based on Her experience from Pamir Mts.).
DIAGNOSIS. Conform to description of SITTICINES. Differs by deep modification of spermathecae and duct, as shown on enclosed drawings, which are integral part of the definition, legs I distinctly long.

+
Sittilong longipes : Proszynski 1973a. Ann. zool., 30: 89-91, f 50-55 + Proszynski 1983. Verh. naturwiss. Verein Hamburg, (NF) 26; 161-179, map 15 + © Photo B. Knoflach. By courtesy.

Gen. SITTIPUB Prószyński, 2016
Type species Aranea pubescens (3 species)
Check species diversity in vol. II at SITTIPUB
COMMENT. Taking into account big differences in palps and epigyne of SITTIPUB in comparison with SITTIFLOR and Attulus, as well as acceptance of general view on South American origin of clades Attulus, Attinella and Sittiflor proposed by Maddison, we may be ready to accept separate evolution of SITTIPUB. Area of speciation can be identified by occurrence of other, related spe2cies. If so, where do live its related species?

Plate 376. A-D - SITTIPUB pubescens. SOURCE: A- Zabka 1997. Fauna Polski 19: 5-187, f 346-351, B-C - Proszynski 1987: 97, D - © Photo J. Lissner. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used here by their courtesy.

Plate 377. A-D - SITTIAB relictarius (Logunov. 1998) - as Sitticus sp. - male become later paratype from Nadran, female paratype from Naltschik (drawn by Prószyński & Flanczewska). SOURCE: Proszynski J. 1987. Atlas ...: 99-100. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used here by their courtesy.


Gen. SITTISAX Prószyński, 2017
Type species Euophrys saxicola (3 species)
Check species diversity in vol. II at Sittisax
Diagnosis. Male palps and cheliceral dentition agree with other SITTICINES, epigyne with very short, broad ducts and double spherical chambers of spermathecae. Alive males of Sittisax saxicola strike by ginger hue.
Plate 378. A- Sittisax saxicola palp and spermatheca; A1-4, B - Sittisax ranieri - epigyne and its internal structure C-F - Sittisax saxicola, male and female.
SOURCE: Prószyński, 1971b: 188, f. 1, 3-13, 192, f. 14-30, ©Photo J. Lissner. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used here by their courtesy.

Plate 379. A-E - Sittisax[?] dzieduszyckii, male and female.
SOURCE: Prószyński, J. (1987). Atlas rysunków diagnostycznych mniej znanych Salticidae 2. Zeszyty Naukowe WSRP, Siedlce, 96. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used here by their courtesy.

Gen. Tomis F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1901
Type species Tomis palpalis (3 species)
Check species diversity in vol. II at Tomis
A-E - Tomis palpalis [Type species of genus Tomis] . SOURCE: Galiano M.E. 1991. Acta Zool. Lilloana 40, 1: 61, ff. 1-5, 8, 10-16.. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used here by their courtesy.
Philosophy of the plate below could be, perhaps, "inspiration to research ... and beauty[?]"
- compare it with set of graphic documentation guided by"Tomis kratochvili_from_Metzner> echnological perfection"

[recommended also by J. Prószyński]

A-C - Sittisax cabellensis, D - "Tomis" cabellensisPseudattulus kratochvili, male, misplaced, E - facsimile of a remark on Sittisax cabellensis.
SOURCE: Plate 37X. A-C - Prószyński, J. (1971b). Revision of the spider genus Sitticus Simon, 1901 (Aranei, Salticidae). II. Sitticus saxicola (C. L. Koch, 1848) and related forms. Annales Zoologici, 28: 198, f. 31-39 , 2017a: 48, f. 2C, D - Ruiz, Brescovit & Lise, 2007: 377, f. 1-5. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used here by their courtesy.

Addition
Sitticus s. l. - historical (1983) view on species distribution and relationship

Plate 382. Sitticus s. l. - 1983 view on distribution and species relationship.Source: Prószyński, J. (1983d). Tracing the history of a genus from its geographical range by the example of Sitticus (Arachnida: Araneae: Salticidae). Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg 26: 161-179.
COMMENT. In spite of very much ado about progress in modern science, especially molecular phylogeny, the basic understanding of relationship among species of Sitticus s. l. and their distribution did not change much since 1983.