RETURN TO DATABASE - ALTERNATIVE CLASSIFICATION
SALTICIDAE OF THE WORLD - Abstract - INDEX of Genera - FOREWORD & KEY to groups of genera! - AEURILLINES - Comparison HISTORICAL classification of Aelurilleae - AMYCINES- AMYCOIDA VARIA - ASTIAINES - BELIPPINES - CHRYSILLINES - COCALODINES - COLONINES [=Thiodinines] - DENDRYPHANTINES - DIOLENINES - EUOPHRYINES-PART 1 Introduction-Donoessus- EUOPHRYINES-PART 2 Echeclus-Pystira - EUOPHRYINES- PART 3 Rhyphelia-Zenodorus - EUPOAINES - EVARCHINES - FOSSILS - HABRONATTINES - HARMOCHIRINES - HELIOPHANINES - HISPONINES - HYLLINES - ICIINES - LAPSIINES - LIGONIPEINES - LYSSOMANINES - MENEMERINES - MYRMARACHNINES - NOTICIINES - PELLENINES - PSEUDICIINES - SIMAETHINES - SITTICINES - SPARTAEINES - THIRATOSCIRTINAE - YAGINUMAELLINES - YLLENINES - UNCLASSIFIED TEMPORARY - Maddison's views on Salticidae phylogeny 2014 - Omoedus synonymy
OUT OF DATE CLASSIFICATORY SYSTEMS -Simon's classification - Petrunkevich synthesis-1928 - Bonnet's list of subfamilies - Prószynski's revision of subfamilies 1976.
Monograph
of the Salticidae (Araneae) of the World 1995-2015.
Introduction to alternative classification of Salticidae
Classification of the Salticidae genera of the World
group of genera
MYRMARACHNINES
by Jerzy
Prószyński
Version December 31st, 2015
Note on illustrations. This introduction to classification
of Salticidae includes only species defined by diagnostic illustrations in
the taxonomic literature, arranged by similarities of embolus and spermophor.
Images are displayed as thumbnails to save space and allow for rapid scanning
of theoretically closely-related species. Thumbnails are small versions
of illustrations in other parts of the monograph, whera are displayed
together with particulars of their sources and permissions.
Gen. Toxeus Koch C.L., 1846 gen. reinstated (10 species)
Type species Toxeus maxillosus Koch C. L. 1846 [syn. Myrmarachne maxillosa (Koch C.L., 1846)].
Nomenclatorical note. Genus name "Toxeus" was introduced by Koch C.L. in 1846 in combination with specific name "maxillosus", subsequently used as synonymic combinations with five other specific names, by Thorell, Pickard-Cambridge F., and one Smith (1907). Names of two taxa of the family level, derived from Toxeus - Toxeae and Toxeinae were proposed by Pickard-Cambridge F. in 1900. None were used after 1907 in primary literature (Bonnet 1957, 1959: 2997-3014, 4663). Progres in knowledge of Myrmarachne, especially in internal structures of epigyne, suggests now splitting of the genus Myrmarachne into several smaller genera, one of which characterized by features of Myrmarachne maxillosa, so as a name for that genus is accepted reinstated name Toxeus, still available according to Edwards (2013, Peckhamia 110.1: 7).
Diagnosis. "Pipes-like" sclerotized spermathecae, stretching parallel along median axis of epigyne, without transverse detour, usually pressed to each other along part of their course, are either thin, gradually slightly dilating along their course in terminal half (located in anterior part of epigyne), with internal spines in the dilated part, as in T. cuneatus (Badcock, 1918), or making asymmetrical terminal chamber (as in T. aureoniger), with long internal spines. They differs from spermathecae in
Myrmage gedongensis comb. n. (Edmunds & Proszynski, 2003) which retain the same diameter along their whole length, devoid of swellings, and covered internally by similar minute spines. Posterior (proximal) ends of "pipes" are diverging, making room for the pocket, located between them. Membranous
copulatory ducts, visible after staining, make irregular large coils, running from almost indiscernible slit-like copulatory openings at median septum of epigyne, towards beginning of spermathecae, near posterior rim of epigyne.
Palps have almost circular bulbus, resembling Emertonius by lack of additional thin loop
of spermophor, encircled with coils of embolus inside semi translucent sheath. Spermophor broad, runs along margin of bulbus. Tibial
apophysis indistinctly double bent, but not twisted screw like.
Chelicerae in both sexes have developed ventral lobe, extending their height, none the less, male chelicerae are long, but shorter than in Myrmarachne, with two rows of tiny teeth, fang is long. Size of specimens medium, some species have total length 7-8 mm. Body compact, constrictions variable, in some species indistinct, with thoracal part depressed, abdomen in some species almost round. ATTENTION: spermathecae of some Toxeus are almost identical with some Emertonius, while their external appearance is strikingly different!
Integral part of the definition are drawings below.
Composition. The following species are transferred from genus Myrmarachne MacLeay, 1839:
Toxeus aureoniger (Edmunds & Prószyński, 2003), comb. n.; T. bicuspidatus (Yamasaki, 2012); T. cuneatus (Badcock, 1918), comb.
n.; T. gorontaloensis (Yamasaki, 2012, comb. n. [reinstated]; T.
hirsutipalpus (Edmunds & Proszynski, 2003), comb. n.; T. jajpurensis (Prószyński, 1992), comb. n.; T. latithoracicus (Yamasaki & Huang J. 2012), comb. n.; T. magnus (Saito, 1933), comb. n.; T. maxillosus Koch C. L. 1846.
REFERENCES. Edmunds M., Prószynski J. 2003. Vol. 12. N. 7: 309, f 56-63.
Toxeus maxillosus comb.
n. 114 - spermatheca and ducts, 115-119 - details of female, 120-127 details of male Yamasaki,
Ahmad 2013. Zootaxa 3710 (6): 538-541, f 30A–G, 31A–E, 42A–F. © 2013
Magnolia Press +b) ©Photo H.K. Tang and Marcus Ng. By courtesy.
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Toxeus globosus . Wanless 1978a. : 33, (1): 99,
figs 61b-c, g, 62d-e + Zabka 1985. Ann. zool., 39, 11: 246, ff. 328-331. By courtesy.
Toxeus
hirsutipalpi comb. n. (syn. Myrmarachne h.) Edmunds, Proszynski.
2003.Bull. Br. Ar. .
Toxeus cuneatus comb.
n. (syn. Myrmarachne c.) Edmunds, Proszynski 2003. Bull. British
Arachn. Soc. 12 (7): figs 56-63
+ ©Photo P.
Koomen [Borneo: Sabah: Danum Valley]. By courtesy.
Toxeus grossus comb. n. (syn. Myrmarachne g.). Yamasaki
2012b 104: 163-165, f 28-31
+b) Edmunds, Proszynski. 2003. Bull. British Arachn.
Soc. 12 (7): figs 69-79. By courtesy.
Toxeus
jajpurensis: Prószyński, 1992 India: Orissa: Ann. zool. 1992b: 44(9): 87, f 90-92. By
courtesy.
Toxeus
latithoracicus +b) ([synonyms?] laticorseletus, latithorax) Yamasaki,
Huang 2012.. A. arachn., 61(1): 7-10, f 1-13 +b) Huang J. 2004: 44-48, t 17-18. By courtesy.
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Toxeus bicuspidatus + gorontaloensis Yamasaki 2012b Ann. Mus. civ. Storia nat. Giacomo Doria: 104: 153-161, f 13-19 +b) 163-165, f 28-31. By courtesy.
A new hypothesis on matching sexes based on geographic distribution. a) Comparison of Toxeus bicuspidatus and T.
gorontaloensis [see above] b) environment and geographic location where assumedly ONLY THIS ONE SPECIES LIVES. Dr. G.B. Edwards writes: "The description of separate new species for male and female individuals with similar morphology, especially if they have similar locality data, is untenable …., as it … hyper-inflate the species count …, giving a false sense of extant biodiversity.
Geographical data male and females collected on Mt. Tilongkabila, Gorontalo Province, Sulawesi. Elevation given for females (800m, 1200 m) but not given for male. Morphological data. Male and females have a similar overall appearance, for example, the coxal color pattern is relatively similar. Yamasaki (2012: 165) states “M. gorontaloensis might be the female of M. bicuspidatus [sic] because they share a very unique shape of the thorax. However, M. gorontaloensis does not possess the protuberance on its carapace, which is a diagnostic character of M. bicuspidatus [sic].”
As first reviser [? - without examination of specimens?], I choose M. bicuspidata Yamasaki 2012 as the name of the species; M. gorontaloensis Yamasaki 2012 becomes a NEW SYNONYM." Edwards,2013b A philosophy and methodology for matching opposite sexes of one species, exemplified by a new synonym in Myrmarachne (Araneae: Salticidae). Peckhamia 1, 10. By courtesy.
Toxeus latithoracicus comb. n. Yamasaki & Huang J. 2012. Acta Arachnologica 61: 7, f. 1-13
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